Understanding Heat Stress

How your body handles heat

To function, your body needs your core temperature to stay very close to normal. The human body has an average core temperature of 98.6°F (37°C). If the environment is hot or you are very active, your body heats up. To keep your core temperature stable, your body releases excess heat into the air. The heat leaves your body from the blood vessels near the skin's surface and through sweat.

Blood flow cools your body

When your body needs to release heat, the blood vessels near the surface of your skin get wider. Extra blood flows through them. This extra blood brings more body heat to the surface. It is then released into the air. Your body needs enough water and minerals, such as sodium, to keep blood flowing smoothly to these vessels and to the rest of the body.

Sweat carries away heat

If increased blood flow alone isn't enough, your body also increases the amount that you sweat. As sweat dries (evaporates), it cools the skin. As you sweat, your body loses water (and some minerals, such as sodium and potassium). This water (and minerals) must be replaced to keep you feeling well and healthy, and to allow further sweating.

Conditions that can help lead to heat stress

• Too much activity. The more active you are, the more heat your muscles generate. Heavy physical activity also sets up competition between your muscles and skin for the blood supply.

• Poor acclimatization. If you aren't used to physical activity or not used to hot temperatures, you are more likely to have effects from the heat.

• High environmental temperature. As the temperature in your environment goes up, so does your body temperature. When it's hot from the sun or another heat source, such as a furnace, your body can't move heat into the air as effectively.

• Too little air movement. Air moving across your skin carries away heat brought to the surface by blood vessels. It also helps sweat evaporate. Too little air movement means these processes don't work as well.

• High humidity. Humidity is the amount of moisture in the air. The higher the humidity, the less sweat evaporates. That's because the air is too wet to absorb more moisture.

• Health problems. Some health conditions, including diabetes and heart failure, can increase your susceptibility to heat stress.

• Age. People over age 65 or children under age 4 are more susceptible to heat stress.

• Medicine. If you take medicine for heart rate, asthma, kidney disease, or to manage fluid retention, you may be more sensitive to heat.

• Alcohol and other drugs. These can make you more likely to have heat stress. They may also change your ability to realize you're in a dangerous environment.